JARINGAN komputer

JARINGAN

    Jaringan komputer adalah sebuah kumpulan komputer, printer dan peralatan lainnya yang terhubung dalam satu kesatuan. Informasi dan data bergerak melalui kabel-kabel atau tanpa kabel sehingga memungkinkan pengguna jaringan komputer dapat saling bertukar dokumen dan data, mencetak pada printer yang sama dan bersama-sama menggunakan hardware/software yang terhubung dengan jaringan. Setiap komputer, printer atau periferal yang terhubung dengan jaringan disebut node. Sebuah jaringan komputer dapat memiliki dua, puluhan, ribuan atau bahkan jutaan node.

Daftar Isi:

• Sejarah Jaringan Komputer
• Jenis Jaringan Komputer
• Model Referensi OSI dan Standarisasi
• Topologi Jaringan Komputer
• Ethernet

SEJARAH JARINGAN KOMPUTER

    Konsep jaringan komputer lahir pada tahun 1940-an di Amerika dari sebuah proyek pengembangan komputer MODEL I di laboratorium Bell dan group riset Harvard University yang dipimpin profesor H. Aiken. Pada mulanya proyek tersebut hanyalah ingin memanfaatkan sebuah perangkat komputer yang harus dipakai bersama. Untuk mengerjakan beberapa proses tanpa banyak membuang waktu kosong dibuatlah proses beruntun (Batch Processing), sehingga beberapa program bisa dijalankan dalam sebuah komputer dengan dengan kaidah antrian.

    Ditahun 1950-an ketika jenis komputer mulai membesar sampai terciptanya super komputer, maka sebuah komputer mesti melayani beberapa terminal (lihat Gambar 1) Untuk itu ditemukan konsep distribusi proses berdasarkan waktu yang dikenal dengan nama TSS (Time Sharing System), maka untuk pertama kali bentuk jaringan (network) komputer diaplikasikan. Pada sistem TSS beberapa terminal terhubung secara seri ke sebuah host komputer. Dalam proses TSS mulai nampak perpaduan teknologi komputer dan teknologi telekomunikasi yang pada awalnya berkembang sendiri-sendiri.

Gambar 1 Jaringan komputer model TSS

    Memasuki tahun 1970-an, setelah beban pekerjaan bertambah banyak dan harga perangkat komputer besar mulai terasa sangat mahal, maka mulailah digunakan konsep proses distribusi (Distributed Processing). Seperti pada Gambar 2, dalam proses ini beberapa host komputer mengerjakan sebuah pekerjaan besar secara paralel untuk melayani beberapa terminal yang tersambung secara seri disetiap host komputer. Dala proses distribusi sudah mutlak diperlukan perpaduan yang mendalam antara teknologi komputer dan telekomunikasi, karena selain proses yang harus didistribusikan, semua host komputer wajib melayani terminal-terminalnya dalam satu perintah dari komputer pusat.

Gambar 2 Jaringan komputer model distributed processing

    Selanjutnya ketika harga-harga komputer kecil sudah mulai menurun dan konsep proses distribusi sudah matang, maka penggunaan komputer dan jaringannya sudah mulai beragam dari mulai menangani proses bersama maupun komunikasi antar komputer (Peer to Peer System) saja tanpa melalui komputer pusat. Untuk itu mulailah berkembang teknologi jaringan lokal yang dikenal dengan sebutan LAN. Demikian pula ketika Internet mulai diperkenalkan, maka sebagian besar LAN yang berdiri sendiri mulai berhubungan dan terbentuklah jaringan raksasa WAN.

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JENIS JARINGAN KOMPUTER

Secara umum jaringan komputer dibagi atas lima jenis, yaitu;
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
Local Area Network (LAN), merupakan jaringan milik pribadi di dalam sebuah gedung atau kampus yang berukuran sampai beberapa kilometer. LAN seringkali digunakan untuk menghubungkan komputer-komputer pribadi dan workstation dalam kantor suatu perusahaan atau pabrik-pabrik untuk memakai bersama sumberdaya (misalnya printer) dan saling bertukar informasi.

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), pada dasarnya merupakan versi LAN yang berukuran lebih besar dan biasanya menggunakan teknologi yang sama dengan LAN. MAN dapat mencakup kantor-kantor perusahaan yang letaknya berdekatan atau juga sebuah kota dan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan pribadi (swasta) atau umum. MAN mampu menunjang data dan suara, bahkan dapat berhubungan dengan jaringan televisi kabel.

3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN), jangkauannya mencakup daerah geografis yang luas, seringkali mencakup sebuah negara bahkan benua. WAN terdiri dari kumpulan mesin-mesin yang bertujuan untuk menjalankan program-program (aplikasi) pemakai.

4. Internet
Sebenarnya terdapat banyak jaringan didunia ini, seringkali menggunakan perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak yang berbeda-beda. Orang yang terhubung ke jaringan sering berharap untuk bisa berkomunikasi dengan orang lain yang terhubung ke jaringan lainnya. Keinginan seperti ini memerlukan hubungan antar jaringan yang seringkali tidak kampatibel dan berbeda. Biasanya untuk melakukan hal ini diperlukan sebuah mesin yang disebut gateway guna melakukan hubungan dan melaksanakan terjemahan yang diperlukan, baik perangkat keras maupun perangkat lunaknya. Kumpulan jaringan yang terinterkoneksi inilah yang disebut dengan internet.

5. Jaringan Tanpa Kabel
Jaringan tanpa kabel merupakan suatu solusi terhadap komunikasi yang tidak bisa dilakukan dengan jaringan yang menggunakan kabel. Misalnya orang yang ingin mendapat informasi atau melakukan komunikasi walaupun sedang berada diatas mobil atau pesawat terbang, maka mutlak jaringan tanpa kabel diperlukan karena koneksi kabel tidaklah mungkin dibuat di dalam mobil atau pesawat. Saat ini jaringan tanpa kabel sudah marak digunakan dengan memanfaatkan jasa satelit dan mampu memberikan kecepatan akses yang lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan jaringan yang menggunakan kabel.

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MODEL REFERNSI OSI DAN STANDARISASI

    Untuk menyelenggarakan komunikasi berbagai macam vendor komputer diperlukan sebuah aturan baku yang standar dan disetejui berbagai fihak. Seperti halnya dua orang yang berlainan bangsa, maka untuk berkomunikasi memerlukan penerjemah/interpreter atau satu bahasa yang dimengerti kedua belah fihak. Dalam dunia komputer dan telekomunikasi interpreter identik dengan protokol. Untuk itu maka badan dunia yang menangani masalah standarisasi ISO (International Standardization Organization) membuat aturan baku yang dikenal dengan nama model referensi OSI (Open System Interconnection). Dengan demikian diharapkan semua vendor perangkat telekomunikasi haruslah berpedoman dengan model referensi ini dalam mengembangkan protokolnya.

    Model referensi OSI terdiri dari 7 lapisan, mulai dari lapisan fisik sampai dengan aplikasi. Model referensi ini tidak hanya berguna untuk produk-produk LAN saja, tetapi dalam membangung jaringan Internet sekalipun sangat diperlukan. Hubungan antara model referensi OSI dengan protokol Internet bisa dilihat dalam Tabel 1.

Tabel 1. Hubungan referensi model OSI dengan protokol Internet

MODEL OSI			TCP/IP	PROTOKOL TCP/IP
NO.	LAPISAN			NAMA PROTOKOL	KEGUNAAN
7	Aplikasi		Aplikasi	DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)	Protokol untuk distribusi IP pada jaringan dengan jumlah IP yang terbatas
				DNS (Domain Name Server)	Data base nama domain mesin dan nomer IP
				FTP (File Transfer Protocol)	Protokol untuk transfer file
				HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)	Protokol untuk transfer file HTML dan Web
				MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extention)	Protokol untuk mengirim file binary dalam bentuk teks
				NNTP (Networ News Transfer Protocol)	Protokol untuk menerima dan mengirim newsgroup
				POP (Post Office Protocol)	Protokol untuk mengambil mail dari server
				SMB (Server Message Block)	Protokol untuk transfer berbagai server file DOS dan Windows
6	Presentasi			SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)	Protokol untuk pertukaran mail
				SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)	Protokol untuk manejemen jaringan
				Telnet	Protokol untuk akses dari jarak jauh
				TFTP (Trivial FTP)	Protokol untuk transfer file
5	Sessi			NETBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System)	BIOS jaringan standar
				RPC (Remote Procedure Call)	Prosedur pemanggilan jarak jauh
				SOCKET	Input Output untuk network jenis BSD-UNIX
4	Transport		Transport	TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)	Protokol pertukaran data berorientasi (connection oriented)
				UDP (User Datagram Protocol)	Protokol pertukaran data non-orientasi (connectionless)
3	Network		Internet	IP (Internet Protocol)	Protokol untuk menetapkan routing
				RIP (Routing Information Protocol)	Protokol untuk memilih routing
				ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)	Protokol untuk mendapatkan informasi hardware dari nomer IP
				RARP (Reverse ARP)	Protokol untuk mendapatkan informasi nomer IP dari hardware
2	Datalink	LLC	Network Interface	PPP (Point to Point Protocol)	Protokol untuk point ke point
				SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)	Protokol dengan menggunakan sambungan serial
		MAC		Ethernet, FDDI, ISDN, ATM
1	Fisik

Standarisasi masalah jaringan tidak hanya dilakukan oleh ISO saja, tetapi juga diselenggarakan oleh badan dunia lainnya seperti ITU (International Telecommunication Union), ANSI (American National Standard Institute), NCITS (National Committee for Information Technology Standardization), bahkan juga oleh lembaga asosiasi profesi IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) dan ATM-Forum di Amerika. Pada prakteknya bahkan vendor-vendor produk LAN bahkan memakai standar yang dihasilkan IEEE. Kita bisa lihat misalnya badan pekerja yang dibentuk oleh IEEE yang banyak membuat standarisasi peralatan telekomunikasi seperti yang tertera pada Tabel 2.

Tabel 2. Badan pekerja di IEEE

WORKING GROUP	BENTUK KEGIATAN
IEEE802.1	Standarisasi interface lapisan atas HILI (High Level Interface) dan Data Link termasuk  MAC (Medium Access Control) dan LLC (Logical Link Control)
IEEE802.2	Standarisasi lapisan LLC
IEEE802.3	Standarisasi lapisan MAC untuk CSMA/CD (10Base5, 10Base2, 10BaseT, dll.)
IEEE802.4	Standarisasi lapisan MAC untuk Token Bus
IEEE802.5	Standarisasi lapisan MAC untuk Token Ring
IEEE802.6	Standarisasi lapisan MAC untuk MAN-DQDB (Metropolitan Area Network-Distributed  Queue Dual Bus.)
IEEE802.7	Grup pendukung BTAG (Broadband Technical Advisory Group) pada LAN
IEEE802.8	Grup pendukung FOTAG (Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group.)
IEEE802.9	Standarisasi ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) dan IS (Integrated Services ) LAN
IEEE802.10	Standarisasi masalah pengamanan jaringan (LAN Security.)
IEEE802.11	Standarisasi masalah wireless LAN dan CSMA/CD bersama IEEE802.3
IEEE802.12	Standarisasi masalah 100VG-AnyLAN
IEEE802.14	Standarisasi masalah protocol CATV

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TOPOLOGI JARINGAN KOMPUTER

    Topologi adalah suatu cara menghubungkan komputer yang satu dengan komputer lainnya sehingga membentuk jaringan. Cara yang saat ini banyak digunakan adalah bus, token-ring, star dan peer-to-peer network. Masing-masing topologi ini mempunyai ciri khas, dengan kelebihan dan kekurangannya sendiri.

1. Topologi BUS

Topologi bus terlihat pada skema di atas. Terdapat keuntungan dan kerugian dari tipe ini yaitu:

Keuntungan:                              Kerugian:

- Hemat kabel                            - Deteksi dan isolasi kesalahan sangat kecil

- Layout kabel sederhana           - Kepadatan lalu lintas

- Mudah dikembangkan              - Bila salah satu client rusak, maka jaringan tidak bisa berfungsi.

                                                - Diperlukan repeater untuk jarak jauh

2. Topologi TokenRING

Topologi TokenRING terlihat pada skema di atas. Metode token-ring (sering disebut ring saja) adalah cara menghubungkan komputer sehingga berbentuk ring (lingkaran). Setiap simpul mempunyai tingkatan yang sama. Jaringan akan disebut sebagai loop, data dikirimkan kesetiap simpul dan setiap
informasi yang diterima simpul diperiksa alamatnya apakah data itu untuknya atau bukan. Terdapat keuntungan dan kerugian dari tipe ini yaitu:

Keuntungan:                              Kerugian:

- Hemat kabel                            - Peka kesalahan

                                                - Pengembangan jaringan lebih kaku

The village is a small place and most do not understand what it is technology, but behind it all the village also has advantages that are not owned by the city area ....... In my village for example, have beautiful mountains and the weather is cool and has the privilege another is: has three large stones that can be climbed, whatever it is:
1.batu barn
the stone that can climb the many

continued

friend

A good friend is a friend who would understand our situation, when we are hard friends are always there, whenwe no shortage always cap it all. Companions in URLs such as the right hand and left hand, although the left hand always on the make for something that is ugly but he kept going, so did his right hand never complainedeven though it's bitter taste.
Maybe it was all I feel for this, but I do not realize ...................................
sin was I who do not consider a friend who always accompany me in trouble, alone,

continued

TYPES OF RAM

Once before, the computer ad in a magazine spread so easily understood. It is the user's choice kerana terhad to several processors alongside our other features several other options associated with the components of a computer. What is meant by component termasuklah cakera hyper loud sound sehinggalah to KAD. After all options on the computer specifications today kerana somewhat dizzy head came with the various terms that confuse. Moreover there is among so difficult to understand some specific terms that describe the component specifications. No exception is also a term used to describe the computer memory or Memory Access-Rawak (Random-Access Memory @ RAM).Equally there is disedari or not, the RAM is composed of various types rather than different functions and keupayaannya. So now stands for the term RAM has ditokok added with some particular letter abbreviations that are before making it appear like the following listing: DRAM, VRAM, SRAM, SDRAM and WRAM. Abbreviations such may be enough to confuse people apatah again with the emergence of various current terms.In this article we'll describe some mistake about the terms, functions and achievements of various forms of RAM. First of all we will see briefly how the RAM works alongside hubungkaitnya with the CPU (Central Processing Unit or processors). Cloning the computer's CPU; likely than the type comprising an Intel 486, Pentium or AMD, is actually should be thought of as the heart of the computer where the data will be processed and interpreted computer referrals. The components that integrate with the same CPU is the main memory system that is more recognizable as a RAM. Both these components into your computer terrace, when other components such as hard and hyper cakera KAD video, is just a complement to aktiviti center. No hairanlah if he only recognized as a component of completeness.CPU will make the RAM as a data storage area during the decision and various hypothetic referral program. These deposits are also very important to carry out some tugasan required by something running programs. For storing or accessing data from data storage, the CPU will lead to memory address (memory address) for the required notices something. While the bass (bus) address leads addresses allow the CPU to RAM, the bass when the data actually allow data transfer to CPU. The term itself refers to the bass docking between the CPU and RAM devices which allow them to communicate. The yardstick used to assess the performance of RAM is the access offerings namely the amount of time taken by the CPU to issue directives immediately to the RAM to read certain data, which stems rather than one address sehinggalah CPU receives the data really.Normally at this time RAM chips have repeatedly cited 60-ns, which meant it took time for 60 nanosaat (1 nanosaat along with 1 milliard times) to implement a centrifugal journey. Access time is more appropriate compared to CIP 100-200-ns a few years ago but he is still slow compared with the ideal access - the access is allowed sifar realizable value if the CPU is storing all of the data. To improve the appropriateness of performance data, the CPU had access to the cache memory (typically referred to as a simple cache). On the appropriateness of 20-ns or more, the memory cache is more appropriate compared with the main memory, but less contain adequate PC system memory cache versus main memory RAM kerana more expensive. The only data that may be required by simple CPU will be placed in it. Selection of these data will be controlled by the guards the cache (cache controller).Memory chips only work if she kept her cas-cas electronics. This component is done instead of capacitors and transistors, in which the capacitor when the transistor will save cas cas also will exchange it to function 'on' or 'off'. With kewujudan RAM chips, PC system may change the position of 'on' or 'off' cas it. Differed with chip ROM (Read-Only Memory) in which cas-cas it will be in the position of 'on' or 'off' is eternal.All the technology contained in the RAM will emphasize to the propriety and decorum pengeluarnya trying to offer more without increasing the boarding. Due to CPU technology is getting the proper memory technology should also hand in hand in addition require the types of RAM that differed. A brief description of the terms so memories are as follows:
RAM (Random-Access Memory)It is a comprehensive term for all the memories that can not be read or written sehala (non-linear). However he was referring specifically to the memory chip berasaskan berasaskan if all of the memory chip before it is said to be access-rawak. RAM is a bit different with the ROM, kerana computer should only be read on the ROM but can read and write to RAM.
SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module) and DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module)SIMM and DIMM are not actually refer to the types of memory but refer to the module (board litar which along with the chip) in which the RAM dipakejkan together. Is the SIMM module laluan earlier by offering as much as 32-bit data. Pentium processors have caused direkabentuk to handle data laluan wider than that, SIMMs must be used in pairs with the main board Pentium. SIMM however still be used singly teteapi just above the main board 486 processors or processors berasaskan more slowly.When the DIMM is the newest module will offer 64-bit laluan to make them more suitable for use with Pentium processors and the latest processors such as AMG and Cyrix. In terms of the purchase of memory components, each unit DIMM proven seeks to control the work that may be performed by two units of SIMM. Moreover it may be used singly on the main board Pentium. In terms of long-term is also more economical DIMM kerana he does not need to add one more computer memory DIMMs on the system.
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)DRAM is a type of memory is also a major in computer piawaian today and he will be referred if you want to tell someone bahawa your PC has 32MB of RAM. In the DRAM, intimation will be saved as an electronic cas siri in a capacitor. In each milisaat (millisecond) electronically charging the capacitor in the DRAM will be nyahcas (discharge) and need to be refreshed original (refresh) to perpetuate their value. Refresher is berterusan has been used as an excuse to put the term dynamic in the face of the letter arrangement of RAM.
RAM FPM (Fast Page-Mode RAM)Before the emergence of EDO RAM, all of the major memories contained in the PC is of the type of mod-deserved page (fast page-mode variety). The name was also not so well known when the type is only one. However advances in technology has subtracting triumph for FPM RAM access time than the 120-ns (nanosaat) now specifically access to the 60-ns. After all Pentium processors only 66 Mhz mengiktiraf berkepantasan kerana bass bass is more appropriate compared with keupayaan keupayaannya FPM RAM. With propriety would allow 60-ns RAM modules carry rawak page access (where the page is referred to as an overseas address space) below 30 MHz, although decency he was considered too slow compared with the appropriateness bass.
EDO RAM (Extended Data-Out-RAM)EDO RAM is actually nothing more than an enhancement to the FPM RAM. What is important is that he mengiktiraf most of the time when the CPU requests memory for something specific address, in addition to asking some other nearby addresses. In addition to urging every access memory refreshed, EDO RAM depending on the location of previous access to flog access to an adjacent address. EDO RAM memory speed up orbit, with the increase in memory performance as much as 40 peratus. But EDO RAM is only effective for bass berkepantasan 66 Mhz and he must hasten back with keupayaan shortcut found on most current processors such as AMD, Cyrix and Intel.
Bedo RAM (Burst Extended-Data-Out RAM)To improve the appropriateness of accessing the data into the DRAM memory chips, a technology that was identified as bursting has been awakened for the purpose. This technology involves the delivery of large data blocks to be processed to the units of data smaller. The term on the DRAM chip is referring to the detailed data delivery technology which includes the delivery address some of the pages in memory chips.
SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)There are two advantages that are contained on the type of SDRAM memory chips. First, he must control the appropriateness of the bass so 100 Mhz and second, type of SDRAM memory chips may be connected (synchronized) with the system clock itself. The technology contained on this chip allows two memory pages berterusan opened.When the memory chips is a replication type SLDRAM SDRAM chip type that has been repeatedly cited dipertingkatkan technology by offering a higher bass and he uses a small peket peket-control data for the requested address; pemasaan and guidance to the DRAM memory chips. SLDRAM election involves only a low boarding but offered a memory achievement is higher.
SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory)Distinction between types of memory chip SRAM and DRAM chip is where the DRAM must be refreshed berterusan while chip SRAM can perform automatic and it is only valid when one landing inscribed implemented. If the direction inscribed not done then there is no any change in the SRAM chips and is recognized as a static state. Excess found on SRAM type memory chips compared with the type of DRAM chip is kepantasannya which may reach 12-ns when 50-ns for memory chips kind of Bedo. When weaknesses are owned by SRAM chip types lies in the price is more expensive than DRAM. Until now SRAM is often used in the PC in the second stage of the cache or L2 cache.
L2 CacheThe term refers to the cache is kaedah forecasting and control data to be requested and is already owned. If a CPU makes a request to the data, the data may be obtained through rather than one of the following places namely L1 cache, L2 cache, main memory or hard cakera.Chip L1 cache is located at the top of the CPU and saiznya smaller than all three other reservoirs of data. When the chip L2 cache is a memory area berasingan and he may be configured with the type SRAM memory chips. Search data typically begins in the chip L1 cache and then switch to the chip L2 cache, DRAM chips and so on in cakera hard. Chip L2 cache located between DRAM and the CPU chip type, when its function offers access to more worthy than the achievements of DRAM chips. System cache memory access is realized to allow a more appropriate and perhaps sepantas CPU.
Async SRAM (Asynchronous SRAM)Chips that are recognized as Async SRAM has any form of technology since the emergence of more processors 386 and still have a place in the L2 cache for most PCs. He called asynchronous kerana this type of memory chips are not connected with the system clock. So the CPU must wait for the first data that has been asked rather than L2 cache.
Sync SRAM (Synchronous Burst SRAM)Where such type of SDRAM chips, memory chips, called the Sync SRAM is also associated with the system clock to make it more worthy than the achievement Async SRAM is used for L2 cache berkelajuan around 8.5-ns. However Sync SRAM chips will disappear when connected to the appropriateness keupayaannya bass exceeding 66 MHz.
PB SRAM (Pipeline Burst SRAM)PB type SRAM memory chips using a system called as pipelining and kepantasannya slightly lag behind the system is called synchronization. However an increase in technology may exceed the technology owned by Sync SRAM memory chips kerana he direkabentuk to match the bass that have repeatedly cited 75 Mhz or higher. PB type SRAM memory chips will play a major role in establishing more performance computer systems that use mikropemproses Pentium II or higher.
VRAM (Video RAM)Types of VRAM memory chips function well on video performance and should meet him at the KAD video accelerator or on the main board which has the video technology. VRAM chips are typically used to store the content of pixels for an exposure chart.The use VRAM chips will provide a decent video performance and attempt to subtract the pressure on the CPU. VRAM chips involves the use of two access ports to the memory cell and one thereof is used regularly to refresh the exposure and the other one is used to convert the data to be presented. The use of two ports can provide a decent video offerings compared with the use of chip DRAM and SRAM chips that have only one access port.
WRAM (Windows RAM)Like where chip VRAM, WRAM type memory chips also have multiple ports and it is used for graphics offerings. Operation WRAM memory chips are the same type as the chip type of VRAM, but it uses a higher broadband in addition to several features of the graph to use application builder. WRAM types of memory chips also use a system known as the buffering

  Multiple data to improve the appropriateness skrin refreshment.SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM)SGRAM types of memory chips have been used chiefly in KAD video accelerator and it is a sort of single berport RAM. Her achievements dipertingkatkan with the use of the system are called dual-bank memory will allow the two surfaces can be opened berterusan. The use of memory chips are suitable for the type of SGRAM video player 3-D (three dimensional) kerana there is an inscribed blocks that will flog the cargo charts in skrin exposure. Three-dimensional video usually requires an appropriate prod namely in the range of 30 to 40 frames in tempoh moment.


source  :http://oasis.fortunecity.com/

1. First Generation Computers (1946 - - 1959)With the onset of World War II, countries are involved in the war sought to develop to exploit their potential strategic computer.This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress.(1) Colassus(2) Mark I(3) ENIAC(4) EDVAC(5) UNIVAC IThe first generation of computer characteristics are:- The use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time very large)- The existence of magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.- Operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task.- Each computer has a different kodebiner program called "machine language" (machine language). This made the computer difficult to program and the speed limit.2. Second Generation Computers (1959 - - 1964)Stretch and LARCThe first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand called LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting its popularity.There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses singkatansingakatan to replace the binary code.In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. This second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.The characteristics of the computer in the second generation:- Use of the transistor so that its size is smaller- The development of computer memory intimagnetik help the development of second generation of smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor- Replacement of the language into machine language Asembly- Appears COBOL and FORTRAN programming language3. Third Generation Computers (1964 - - 1970)Although the transistor is in many ways the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which can potentially damage the computer's internal bagianbagian. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made from quartz sand.Scientists later managed to fit more components into a chiptunggal called a semiconductor. The result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the machine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.The characteristics of a computer on the third generation: - Use of the IC (Intregrated Circuit)- The size of computers become smaller- The discovery of Operating Systems4. Fourth Generation Computers (1979 - - present)After IC, the development becomes more clear: shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip. UltraLarge Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to put so many components in a chip that berukurang half pushing coins falling computer prices and sizes. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability.Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all demands. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with a microprocessor.Such developments allow those men accustomed to using a regular computer. Computers no longer be a dominant large firms or government agencies. In pertengahantahun 1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with software packages are easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continue its evolution toward smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtop).IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the fight over the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.At the present time, we know the journey with the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, the way a new way to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networking allows a single computer to form electronic co-operation to complete an assignment process. By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.The characteristics of a computer on the fourth generation:• The use of LSI, VLSI, ULSI • The use of microprocessorsMany advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the von Neumann model. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that enables the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.

source :http://merahitam.com

Pengertian Software (perangkat lunak) Komputer

Another name of the Software is software. Like any other name it, ie software, its nature was different from the hardware or hardware, if hardware is a real component that can diliat and touched by humans, then the software or software can not be touched and seen physically, the software does not seem physical and intangible objects but can be operated.Understanding Computer software is a set of electronic data is stored and regulated by the computer, electronic data stored by the computer it can be either programs or instructions that will execute a command. Through software or software is a computer can execute a commandUnderstanding Software (software) ComputerSoftware or computer software based on its distribution can be divided into several types, namely paid software, free software or free (freeware, free software, shareware, adware).Paid software is software that is distributed for commercial purposes, any users who wish to use or obtain the software by buying or paying on a party who distribute it. users who use paid software is generally not permitted to distribute the software freely without permission any publisher. examples of this example is a paid software system microsoft windows, microsoft office, adobe photo shop, and others.Freeware or free software is copyrighted computer software which is free to use without any limitation of time, different from shareware that requires users to pay (eg after some trial period or for additional functionality). The developers of free software often makes a free tool freeware "to be donated to the community", but also still want to retain their rights as a developer and have control over subsequent development. Freeware is also defined as any program that is distributed free of charge, at no additional cost. A prime example is a suite of browser and mail client and Mozilla News, is also distributed under GPL (Free Software).Free Software is more directed to the free use but not necessarily free. In fact, his name is because it is free to try open source software (Open Source) and therein lies the essence of freedom: the programs under the GPL, once obtained can be used, copied, modified and distributed freely. So free software free does not lead to a purchase but the use and distribution. Once out of the license we can find different ways to distribute the software, including freeware, shareware or Adware. This classification affects the way in which programs are marketed, and independent from software licenses to which they belong.The real difference between Free Software and Freeware. Conflicts arise within the meaning of the word free in English, which means both free and for free. Therefore, and as mentioned earlier, Free Software does not need to be free, just as Freeware not be free.Shareware is also free but more limited for a certain time. Shareware is a limited program is distributed both as a demonstration or evaluation version with limited features or functions or by using a set time limit (eg 30 days). Thus, giving users the opportunity to test products before buying and then buy the full version of the program. A very clear example of this type are antivirus software, these companies usually allow the release of the product evaluation applies only to a certain number of days. After passing the maximum, the program will stop working and you need to buy a product if you want to keep using it.We can also find free software completely, but including in advertising programs, distribution of this type is called Adware. A clear example is the Messenger program from Microsoft that allows the use of free software in exchange for admission by banner ads or pop-ups.


source :agussale.com, dan beberapa sumber lainnya